Arizona
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Here is a brief introduction to the state of Arizona.
Capital City: Phoenix
Nicknames: Grand Canyon State; Copper State
Population: over 5.5 millions residents.
State’s Flag: The state flag features 13 red and gold rays, the colors of Spain, which controlled the region from 1540 to 1821. The copper-colored star represents Arizona’s chief mineral. The flag was adopted on February 27, 1917.
From the awe-inspiring majesty of the Grand Canyon to the barren beauty of the great Sonoran desert, Arizona is a state where nature’s power reigns supreme. Carved by the titanic forces of time, this dramatic, arid landscape has long been stamped in the popular imagination as the very essence of the American West. But modern Arizona is a cultural crossroads as well, shaped as much by Hispanic and Native American influences as it is by cowboy culture. In 1540 Coronado discovers the Grand Canyon. In 1692 Jesuit Eusebio Kino begins missionary work in the area. In 1752 First permanent Spanish settlement is established at Tubac. In 1821 Arizona passes from Spanish to Mexican rule. In 1848 Mexico cedes Arizona north of Gila River to U.S. In 1853 U.S. acquires Arizona with –Gadsden Purchase. In 1858 Gold is discovered at Gila City, on the Colorado River. In 1864 Some 9,000 Navajo surrender to U.S. after attack on Canyon de Chelly. In 1881 Wyatt Earp and his two brothers gun down three men at O. K. Corral. In 1886 Apache chief Geronimo is exiled to Florida; Indian raids on Arizona Territory end. In 1889 Capital of Arizona Territory is moved from Prescott to Phoenix.
Although it is the youngest of the contiguous 48 states-it entered the Union in 1912-Arizona has a history that is ancient. Archeological evidence indicates that human habitation began in the region some 25,000 years ago. Most of these early peoples were cave dwellers; some were nomadic hunters. During the past 2,000 years, four distinct cultures appeared most notably the agrarian Hohokam and the cliff-dwelling Anasazi. By 1450 both tribes had disappeared, replaced by the nomadic Apache and Navajo. In 1539 a Franciscan from Mexico, Marcos de Niza, became the first white person to enter Arizona. A permanent European presence was not established, however, until 1692, when Jesuit missionary Eusebio Kino founded a mission at Guevavi, eight miles north of Nogales. More than 20 missions were later established by Father Kino. Incessant warfare with Apache and Comanche Indians, combined with the rigors of Arizona’s climate, gradually depleted the white population. By 1821, when Mexico won independence from Spain, along with the Arizona Territory, few white settlers remained to notice. When the United States acquired Arizona from the Mexicans in 1848, not many Americans held hopes that such a harsh land could be tamed. The discovery of rich deposits of gold, silver, and copper drew prospectors in the 1880s. Others came to graze cattle or farm in the fertile river valleys of the south-western and central regions. Still, Arizona remained, in most ways, a frontier society until the 1930s, when modem air conditioning, commercial air travel, and the electronics industry spawned the rapid growth for which the state is now known.
Manufacturing: Transportation and electrical equipment, scientific instruments.
Service industries: Finance, Insurance, and real estate; medical facilities; hotels and resorts.
Agriculture: Beef cattle, cotton, lettuce.
Mining: Copper, coal, sand.
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